Mu isi y'itumanaho rya fibre optique, guhitamo uburebure bw'urumuri ni nko gutunganya umurongo wa radiyo no guhitamo imiyoboro. Guhitamo "umuyoboro" ukwiye ni byo byonyine bishobora koherezwa neza kandi mu buryo buhamye. Kuki module zimwe na zimwe z'urumuri zifite intera ya metero 500 gusa, mu gihe izindi zishobora kugera kuri kilometero amagana? Amayobera ari mu 'bara' ry'uwo murabyo w'urumuri - neza kurushaho, uburebure bw'urumuri.
Mu miyoboro ya none y'itumanaho rya optique, modules za optique z'uburebure butandukanye bw'umuraba zigira uruhare rutandukanye rwose. Imiyoboro itatu y'ingenzi y'uburebure bwa 850nm, 1310nm, na 1550nm igize urwego rw'ibanze rw'itumanaho rya optique, hamwe n'igabanywa ry'imirimo mu bijyanye n'intera yo kohereza, imiterere y'igihombo, n'ibihe byo gukoreshwa.
1. Kuki dukeneye uburebure bw'urumuri bwinshi?
Impamvu nyamukuru y’ubusumbane bw’uburebure bw’umurambararo mu buryo bw’amajwi ishingiye ku mbogamizi ebyiri zikomeye mu kohereza fibre optique: gutakaza no gukwirakwira. Iyo ibimenyetso by’amajwi byoherejwe mu miyoboro y’amajwi, gutakaza ingufu (gutakaza) bibaho bitewe no kwinjiza, gukwirakwira, no gusohoka kw’umwuka. Muri icyo gihe, umuvuduko utaringaniye w’ibice bitandukanye by’uburebure bw’umurambararo utera kwaguka kw’amajwi (gukwirakwira). Ibi byatumye habaho ibisubizo byinshi by’uburebure bw’umurambararo:
•Umurongo wa 850nm:Ikora cyane cyane mu migozi ya optique ya multimode, aho intera yo kohereza isanzwe iri hagati ya metero amagana (nk'imetero 550), kandi ni yo mbaraga nyamukuru zo kohereza intera ngufi (nk'iyo mu bigo by'amakuru).
•Umurongo wa 1310nm:Igaragaza imiterere yo gukwirakwira hasi mu migozi isanzwe ya single-mode, aho intera yo kohereza igera kuri kilometero icumi (nk'ibirometero 60), bigatuma iba inkingi y'ihererekanya ry'intera iri hagati.
•Umurongo wa 1550nm:Iyo umuvuduko wo kugabanya umuvuduko uri hasi cyane (hafi 0.19dB/km), intera yo kohereza umuvuduko ishobora kurenza kilometero 150, bigatuma iba umwami w’ihererekanya ry’intera ndende ndetse n’intera ndende cyane.
Izamuka ry'ikoranabuhanga rya wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) ryongereye cyane ubushobozi bwa fibre optique. Urugero, modules optique za fibre optique zihuza fibre imwe hakoreshejwe uburebure butandukanye (nk'ubuso bwa 1310nm/1550nm) ku mpera zo kohereza no kwakira, bizigama cyane umutungo wa fibre. Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) rishobora kugera ku ntera nto cyane y'uburebure (nk'ubuso bwa 100GHz) mu duce twihariye (nk'ubuso bwa O-band 1260-1360nm), kandi fibre imwe ishobora gushyigikira imiyoboro myinshi cyangwa amagana y'uburebure, yongera ubushobozi bwose bwo kohereza kugeza ku rwego rwa Tbps no kurekura burundu ubushobozi bwa fibre optique.
2. Ni gute wahitamo mu buryo bwa siyansi uburebure bw'umurambararo wa modules optique?
Guhitamo uburebure bw'umuraba bisaba gusuzuma byimbitse ibintu by'ingenzi bikurikira:
Intera yo kohereza ubutumwa:
Intera ngufi (≤ 2km): byaba byiza 850nm (fiber ya multimode).
Intera iri hagati (10-40km): ikwiriye 1310nm (fibre imwe).
Intera ndende (≥ 60km): 1550nm (fiber imwe) igomba gutoranywa, cyangwa igakoreshwa hamwe na amplifier y'urumuri.
Ibisabwa ku bushobozi:
Ubucuruzi busanzwe: Moduli z'uburebure bw'umurambararo zidahinduka zirahagije.
Ubushobozi bunini, ihererekanyamakuru rifite ubucucike bwinshi: Ikoranabuhanga rya DWDM/CWDM rirakenewe. Urugero, sisitemu ya 100G DWDM ikorera muri O-band ishobora gushyigikira imiyoboro myinshi ifite ubucucike bwinshi.
Ibisabwa ku kiguzi:
Moduli y'uburebure idahinduka: Igiciro cya mbere cy'imashini ni gito, ariko hagomba kuba hari ibikoresho byinshi by'uburebure by'imashini.
Moduli y'uburebure bw'umurambararo: Ishoramari rya mbere ni rinini, ariko binyuze mu gutunganya porogaramu, rishobora gukwirakwiza uburebure bw'umurambararo bwinshi, koroshya imicungire y'ibice bisimbura ibindi, kandi mu gihe kirekire, rigabanye imbogamizi mu mikorere no kubungabunga ndetse n'ikiguzi.
Imiterere y'ikoreshwa:
Guhuza Ibigo by'Amakuru (DCI): Ibisubizo bya DWDM bifite ubucucike bwinshi kandi bifite ingufu nke ni byo bikurura abantu benshi.
Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza 5G imbere: Kubera ko hari ibisabwa byinshi ku giciro, gutinda, no kwizerwa, module zakozwe mu rwego rw'inganda zikoresha fibre imwe (BIDI) ni amahitamo asanzwe.
Umuyoboro wa pariki y'ibigo: Bitewe n'intera n'ibisabwa ku muyoboro wa interineti, module za CWDM zifite ingufu nke, intera iri hagati kugeza kuri ngufi cyangwa module z'uburebure butaziguye zishobora gutoranywa.
3. Umwanzuro: Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga n'ibigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe kizaza
Ikoranabuhanga rya module ya optique rikomeje kwiyongera vuba. Ibikoresho bishya nka switches zitoranya ubunini bw'umuraba (WSS) na crystal y'amazi kuri silicon (LCoS) biri gutera imbere mu iterambere ry'imiterere y'urusobe rw'amajwi rworoshye. Udushya twibanda ku migozi runaka, nka O-band, duhora tunoza imikorere, nko kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu za module mugihe tugumana igipimo gihagije cya optique signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR).
Mu gihe kizaza cyo kubaka umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, injeniyeri ntibagomba kubara neza intera yo kohereza mu gihe cyo guhitamo uburebure bw’umuraba, ahubwo banasuzuma neza ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, ubushobozi bwo guhuza n’ubushyuhe, ubucucike bw’imashini, n’ikiguzi cy’imikorere n’imicungire y’amashanyarazi mu gihe cyose. Modules z’amashanyarazi zizewe cyane zishobora gukora neza mu birometero icumi mu turere dukomeye cyane (nk’ubukonje bukabije bwa -40 ℃) zirimo kuba inkunga y’ingenzi mu bidukikije bigoye kohereza (nk’ibiro by’ibanze biri kure).
Igihe cyo kohereza: 18 Nzeri 2025