1. Ingufu nyinshi ziterwa no kugabanya umubyimba mu gihe cyo gushyiramo
Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho insinga z'amashanyarazi, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gushyiramo insinga zishyinguye mu buryo butaziguye ku burebure bwa kilometero 2-3, hari imbogamizi nyinshi zikunze kugaragara. Ubusanzwe iyi nyubako ikorerwamo abakozi benshi n'intera ndende, bigatuma bigorana kwemeza ko ibikorwa bihuriweho hagati y'abakozi bose bihuzwa. Ibi biba ikibazo cyane cyane iyo unyuze mu mbogamizi nko mu miyoboro y'icyuma irinda, aho igoramye, ahantu hahanamye, no mu mpinduka z'uburebure. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikintu kizwi nka "gufunga inyuma" (gufunga inyuma) gishobora kubaho, bigatera kwangirika gukomeye ku nsinga. Iyo habayeho gufunga gupfuye, ahantu hanini ho kugabanya imbaraga hashobora kugaragara aho hantu. Mu bihe bikomeye, igice cy'umugozi gishobora kwangirika burundu. Iki ni ikibazo gikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo kubaka insinga z'amashanyarazi.
Byongeye kandi, mu gihe cyo gushyira insinga, impera z'insinga ziba zishobora kwangirika cyane. Mu gihe cyo kuziba, agaciro ko kuziba gakomeye gakunze kugaragara ku gice cy'insinga. Ndetse na nyuma yo kuziba inshuro nyinshi, igihombo ntigishobora kugabanuka, bigatuma ingingo yo kuziba nini igabanuka.
2. Igabanuka ryinshi riterwa no gufunganya
Ingingo zo kugabanya cyane zikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo gushyiramo ibice. Ubusanzwe, OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) ikoreshwa mu kugenzura. Ni ukuvuga ko, nyuma ya buri fibre ishyizwemo ibice, agaciro ko kugabanya ku gice cyo kugabanya ibice karageragezwa. Mu buryo bufatika, hakoreshwa uburyo bwo gupima impande zombi. Bitewe n'impinduka mu gukora fibre, nta fibre ebyiri zisa neza, kandi itandukaniro mu bunini bw'umurambararo w'ahantu hakoreshwa uburyo rihoraho. Kubera iyo mpamvu, agaciro k'igihombo gapimirwa na OTDR si igihombo nyacyo cya splice; gishobora kuba cyiza cyangwa kibi. Muri rusange, impuzandengo y'imibare y'agaciro k'ibizamini byombi ifatwa nk'agaciro nyako ko kugabanya ibice.
Mu gihe cyo gufunga, ubusanzwe hakoreshwa igenzura ry’igihe nyacyo kugira ngo harebwe ko igihombo cy’udutsi gihuye n’ibipimo by’ubuyobozi. Ariko, impamvu ikunze gutuma udutsi duto ducika cyane tubaho nyuma yo gufunga, mu gihe cyo kubika fibre. Fibre zimwe zishobora gushyirwa ku ruhande cyangwa zikagira umurambararo muto cyane, bigatuma hagira agace gakomeye ko gufunga. Ibi biterwa nuko fibre zikora ku bunini bwa 1550 nm zishobora kwangirika cyane ku gihombo cy’udutsi duto. Iyo fibre imaze gukandamizwa, habaho gufungana gukomeye; kimwe n’uko, iyo umurambararo wo gufungana ari muto cyane mu gihe cyo gufungana fibre, igihombo gikomeye kibaho kuri iyo ngingo. Ku murongo wa OTDR backscatter, ibi bigaragara nk'intambwe nini yo gufungana.
Indi mpamvu ikunze kwirengagizwa ibaho nyuma y’uko igice cyo gufunga giteranijwe. Mu gihe cyo gufunga no gufata insinga, iyo insinga idafashe neza imbere mu gufunga, hashobora kubaho kuzunguruka, bigatuma imiyoboro ya fibre buffer ihinduka. Gukanda imiyoboro bituma habaho kwiyongera gukomeye kw’ingufu, bigatuma intambwe igabanuka.
3. Ingufu nyinshi ziterwa no gutwara no gutunganya ibintu
Iyo insinga z'amashanyarazi zijyanwa aho bubaka, ibidukikije bikunze kuba bibi. Cyane cyane, iyo hashyizweho insinga z'itumanaho za gari ya moshi, imashini zitwara imizigo akenshi ntizishobora kugera aho bubaka. Muri ibyo bihe, insinga zikunze gushyirwamo kandi zigakurwamo n'intoki. Mu gihe cyo gupakurura, igice cyo hanze cy'insinga cyangirika byoroshye. Impamvu imwe ni uko umurambararo w'insinga ari muto cyane, bigatuma igice cyo hanze cy'insinga kiba cyegereye cyane ubutaka. Imiterere y'ubutaka aho bubaka akenshi iba itaringaniye, hamwe n'ubukana butandukanye. Mu gihe uzungurutsa insinga, ishobora kwibira mu butaka, bigatuma insinga yo hanze yangirika n'ibintu bikomeye. Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko bamwe mu bakora insinga bakoresha insinga nto kugira ngo bagabanye ikiguzi cyo gukora.
Byongeye kandi, iyo ingoma y'insinga idakingiwe neza n'imbaho z'ibiti (zimwe mu ngoma zikoresha ibyuma kandi ntizishobora gupfundikirwa neza n'imbaho), kandi hagakoreshwa plastike gusa, cyangwa niba igipfundikizo kidasubiwemo nyuma yo gupimwa ingoma imwe, insinga iba idakingiwe bihagije. Iyo igice cyo hanze cyangiritse n'ibintu bikomeye nk'amabuye, insinga ziri mu miyoboro y'ubuhumekero zirakandamizwa, bigatuma habaho intambwe zo kugabanya. Ku murongo wa OTDR backscatter, ibi bigaragara nk'aho ari ahantu hanini ho kugabanya.
4. Igabanuka ryinshi riterwa no kurangiza akazi
Ahantu ho gufunga cyane na ho hakunze kubaho iyo insinga zirangiye. Mu gihe cyo gufunga, ubusanzwe ntabwo hakorwa igenzura ry’ibihombo bya splice, kandi ibikorwa bishingiye ahanini ku bunararibonye, byongera amahirwe yo gufunga ahantu hanini. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo gufunga fibre, iyo ushyizeho agasanduku ko kubika fibre, imiyoboro ya buffer hafi y’agasanduku ishobora kuba igoramye ifite radius nto cyane cyangwa igoramye kandi yangiritse. Ibi bituma kuri izo ngingo hagabanuka cyane.
Utudomo nk'utwo duto dukunze guhishwa kandi ntitworoshye kuboneka nk'utwo hagati mu mugozi hakoreshejwe OTDR.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 23 Mata 2026