Dushingiye ku bunararibonye bw'imyaka myinshi mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho bya interineti, twaganiriye ku ikoranabuhanga n'ibisubizo byo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'umuyoboro wa internet mu rugo. Ubwa mbere, isesengura uko imiyoboro ya internet mu rugo ihagaze ubu, kandi isobanura ibintu bitandukanye nka fiber optique, amarembo, routers, Wi-Fi, n'imikorere y'abakoresha itera ibibazo by'ubuziranenge bw'umuyoboro wa internet mu rugo. Icya kabiri, hazatangizwa ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gukwirakwiza internet mu rugo rirangwa na Wi-Fi 6 na FTTR (Fiber To The Room).
1. Isesengura ry'ibibazo by'ubuziranenge bw'umuyoboro wa interineti mu rugo
Mu nzira yaFTTH(fibre-to-home), bitewe n'ingaruka z'intera yo kohereza amakuru, gucikamo ibice no gutakaza igikoresho cyo guhuza amakuru, hamwe no kunama kw'imiyoboro y'amajwi, imbaraga z'amajwi zakirwa n'irembo zishobora kuba nke kandi igipimo cy'amakosa ya biti gishobora kuba kinini, bigatuma igipimo cyo gutakaza amakuru ya paki yo kohereza serivisi yo hejuru kiyongera. , igipimo kiragabanuka.
Ariko, imikorere y'ibikoresho bya gateways zishaje muri rusange iba iri hasi, kandi ibibazo nko gukoresha CPU nyinshi no gukoresha ububiko no gushyuha cyane kw'ibikoresho bikunze kubaho, bigatera gutangira ku buryo budasanzwe no gucika intege kw'gateways. gateways zishaje muri rusange ntizishyigikira umuvuduko wa gigabit network, kandi amwe mu ma gateways ashaje afite ibibazo nk'ibice bya chips bishaje, bigatuma habaho icyuho kinini hagati y'agaciro nyako k'umuvuduko w'umuyoboro w'itumanaho n'agaciro k'imitekerereze, ibyo bikaba bigabanya amahirwe yo kunoza ubunararibonye bw'umukoresha kuri interineti. Kuri ubu, gateways zishaje zo mu rugo zimaze imyaka 3 cyangwa irenga zikoreshwa kuri terefone ikora ziracyafite igipimo runaka kandi zigomba gusimburwa.
Umuyoboro wa 2.4GHz ni umuyoboro wa ISM (Inganda-Sayansi-Ubuvuzi). Ukoreshwa nk'umuyoboro usanzwe wa radiyo nka interineti y'ahantu hadakoreshejwe insinga, sisitemu yo kwinjiramo insinga, sisitemu ya Bluetooth, sisitemu yo gutumanaho ya point-to-point cyangwa point-to-multipoint spread spectrum, ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukoresha insinga n'umuyoboro muto wa bandwidth. Kuri ubu, haracyari igice runaka cy'inzira zishyigikira umuyoboro wa 2.4GHz Wi-Fi mu muyoboro usanzwe, kandi ikibazo cyo kubangamirana kw'insinga/intera y'insinga iri hafi kiragaragara cyane.
Bitewe n’ibibazo bya porogaramu ndetse n’imikorere idahagije ya hardware ya zimwe mu nzira, PPPoE connections zikunze gutabwa kandi gateways zigatangira kongera gukoreshwa, bigatuma abakoresha bahagarika interineti kenshi. Nyuma y’uko PPPoE connection ihagaze mu buryo butunguranye (urugero, link ya uplink transmission ihagarara), buri ruganda rukora gateway rufite amahame adahuye yo gushyira mu bikorwa yo kubona WAN port no kongera gukora PPPoE dialing. Amwe mu ma gateways y’abakora gateways arabona rimwe mu masegonda 20, kandi agasubiramo gusa nyuma y’inshuro 30 zananiwe kubona. Kubera iyo mpamvu, bifata iminota 10 kugira ngo gateway itangire kongera gukoresha PPPoE nyuma yo guhagarika gukoresha interineti, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bunararibonye bw’abakoresha.
Amarembo menshi y’abakoresha ashyirwaho na za router (hanyuma yitwa "routers"). Muri izi router, nyinshi zishyigikira gusa ports za WAN za 100M, cyangwa (kandi) zishyigikira gusa Wi-Fi 4 (802.11b/g/n).
Routers zimwe na zimwe z’inganda ziracyafite imwe muri poritike za WAN cyangwa porogaramu za Wi-Fi zishyigikira umuvuduko wa network ya Gigabit, kandi zikaba "routers za pseudo-Gigabit". Byongeye kandi, router ihujwe n'irembo binyuze kuri cable ya network, kandi cable ya network ikoreshwa n'abakoresha ni cable ya category 5 cyangwa super category 5, ifite ubuzima bugufi kandi idashobora kubangamira, kandi inyinshi muri zo zishyigikira umuvuduko wa 100M gusa. Nta na imwe muri routers na networks zavuzwe haruguru ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu iterambere rya networks za gigabit na super-gigabit zikurikiraho. Routers zimwe zitangira gukora kenshi bitewe n'ibibazo by'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bunararibonye bw'abakoresha.
Wi-Fi ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gukingira insinga mu nzu, ariko inzira nyinshi zo mu rugo zishyirwa mu dusanduku tw'amashanyarazi tudakomeye ku muryango w'umukoresha. Bitewe n'aho agasanduku k'amashanyarazi gakomeye gaherereye, ibikoresho by'igipfundikizo, n'ubwoko bw'inzu bugoye, ikimenyetso cya Wi-Fi ntigihagije kugira ngo gikwirakwize ahantu hose ho mu nzu. Uko igikoresho cya terminal kiri kure y'aho Wi-Fi igera, ni ko imbogamizi ziba nyinshi, kandi uko imbaraga z'ikimenyetso zigabanuka cyane, bishobora gutuma umurongo udahindagurika n'ibura ry'amakuru.
Ku bijyanye n'itumanaho ry'ibikoresho byinshi bya Wi-Fi imbere mu nzu, ibibazo byo kubangamira imiyoboro imwe n'iy'imiyoboro yegeranye bikunze kubaho bitewe n'igenamiterere ridafite ishingiro ry'imiyoboro, bigatuma igipimo cya Wi-Fi kigabanuka kurushaho.
Iyo bamwe mu bakoresha bahuza router n'irembo, bitewe n'uburambe buke bw'umwuga, bashobora guhuza router n'aho umuyoboro utari wa gigabit w'irembo, cyangwa ntibashobora guhuza insinga y'umuyoboro neza, bigatuma imiyoboro y'umuyoboro ifunganye. Muri ibi bihe, nubwo umukoresha yaba yiyandikishije kuri serivisi ya gigabit cyangwa agakoresha router ya gigabit, ntashobora kubona serivisi za gigabit zihamye, ibyo bikaba byanateza imbogamizi ku bakoresha mu gukemura ibibazo.
Bamwe mu bakoresha ibikoresho byinshi bihujwe na Wi-Fi mu ngo zabo (zirenga 20) cyangwa porogaramu nyinshi zikura dosiye ku muvuduko mwinshi icyarimwe, ibyo bikaba byanatera amakimbirane akomeye kuri chaneli ya Wi-Fi ndetse no kudahuza kwa Wi-Fi.
Bamwe mu bakoresha ibyuma bishaje bishyigikira gusa umurongo wa Wi-Fi wa 2.4GHz cyangwa porogaramu za Wi-Fi za kera, bityo ntibashobora kubona uburambe buhamye kandi bwihuse bwa interineti.
2. Ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo kunoza urusobe rw'imiyoboro y'imbere mu nzuQubuziranenge
Serivisi zifite umuvuduko mwinshi w’itumanaho, serivisi zitinda cyane nka videwo ya 4K/8K ifite ubusobanuro buhanitse, AR/VR, uburezi bwo kuri interineti, n’ibiro byo mu rugo bigenda biba ibintu bikomeye ku bakoresha mu rugo. Ibi birushaho gushyira imbere ibisabwa ku bwiza bw’umuyoboro wa interineti wo mu rugo, cyane cyane ubwiza bw’umuyoboro wa interineti wo mu rugo. Umuyoboro wa interineti wo mu rugo usanzwe ushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya FTTH (Fiber To The House, fiber to the home) byaragoranye kuzuza ibisabwa byavuzwe haruguru. Ariko, ikoranabuhanga rya Wi-Fi 6 na FTTR rishobora kuzuza neza ibisabwa byavuzwe haruguru kandi rigomba gukoreshwa ku rwego runini vuba bishoboka.
Wi-Fi 6
Mu 2019, Wi-Fi Alliance yise ikoranabuhanga rya 802.11ax Wi-Fi 6, inashyira ikoranabuhanga rya 802.11ax na 802.11n ryabanje Wi-Fi 5 na Wi-Fi 4.
Wi-Fi 6Ishyiramo OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, multi-user multi-input multiple-output technology), 1024QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation) n'izindi koranabuhanga nshya, igipimo ntarengwa cyo gukuramo gishobora kugera kuri 9.6Gbit/s. Ugereranyije n'ikoranabuhanga rya Wi-Fi 4 na Wi-Fi 5 rikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, ifite igipimo cyo kohereza amakuru kiri hejuru, ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amafaranga menshi, gutinda kwa serivisi ni kugabanuka, ubwikorezi bwagutse n'ikoreshwa rito ry'amashanyarazi.
FTTRTikoranabuhanga
FTTR yerekeza ku ishyirwa ry'amarembo n'ibikoresho bito mu ngo hashingiwe kuri FTTH, no gushyira mu bikorwa itumanaho rya fibre optique mu byumba by'abakoresha binyuze muriPONikoranabuhanga.
Irembo rikuru rya FTTR ni ryo shingiro ry'umuyoboro wa FTTR. Rihujwe hejuru na OLT kugira ngo ritange fibre-ku-urugo, no hasi kugira ngo ritange imiyoboro igaragara kugira ngo rihuze inzira nyinshi za FTTR slave. Irembo rikuru rya FTTR slave rikorana n'ibikoresho bya terminal binyuze kuri Wi-Fi na Ethernet interfaces, ritanga uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru y'ibikoresho bya terminal ku irembo rikuru, kandi ryemera gucunga no kugenzura irembo rikuru rya FTTR. Imiyoboro ya FTTR igaragara ku ishusho.
Ugereranyije n'uburyo busanzwe nko gukoresha insinga z'itumanaho, gukoresha insinga z'amashanyarazi, no gukoresha insinga zitagira umugozi, imiyoboro ya FTTR ifite ibyiza bikurikira.
Ubwa mbere, ibikoresho byo gukoresha interineti bifite imikorere myiza kandi bifite umuvuduko wo hejuru. Ihuza ry'umuyoboro wa optique hagati y'irembo rikuru n'irembo ry'abashumba rishobora kwagura umuvuduko wa gigabit kuri buri cyumba cy'umukoresha, no kunoza ubwiza bw'umuyoboro w'urugo rw'umukoresha muri byose. Umuyoboro wa FTTR ufite ibyiza byinshi mu muvuduko wo kohereza no guhagarara.
Icya kabiri ni ugukwirakwira neza kwa Wi-Fi n'ubwiza buri hejuru. Wi-Fi 6 ni imiterere isanzwe ya FTTR gateways, kandi gateway nkuru na gateway y'abashumba bishobora gutanga umurongo wa Wi-Fi, bikanoza neza uburyo Wi-Fi ihagaze neza n'imbaraga zo gukwirakwira kwa signal.
Ubwiza bwa intranet y'umuyoboro wo mu rugo buterwa n'ibintu nk'imiterere y'umuyoboro wo mu rugo, ibikoresho by'umukoresha, n'imiyoboro y'abakoresha. Kubwibyo, gushaka no kumenya aho umuyoboro wo mu rugo umeze nabi ni ikibazo kigoye kuri réseau ikora. Buri sosiyete y'itumanaho cyangwa ikigo gitanga serivisi z'umuyoboro gitanga igisubizo cyacyo. Urugero, ibisubizo bya tekiniki byo gusuzuma ubwiza bwa intranet y'umuyoboro wo mu rugo no kubona ubwiza buke; gukomeza gusuzuma ikoreshwa rya big data n'ikoranabuhanga ry'ubwenge bw'ubukorano mu rwego rwo kunoza ubwiza bw'imiyoboro ya internet yo mu rugo; guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya FTTR na Wi-Fi 6 ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry'umuyoboro munini n'ibindi byinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-08-2023